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Possible impact of intranasal proinsulin c-peptide on the course of COVID-19 infection: the role of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway measured by Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and the importance of microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain
The increase of the inflammatory markers CRP and Il-6 predict the unfavorable course of the covid-19 infection. (1) (2) The decrease of HRV by more than 40% precedes a 50% increase in CRP during the next 72 hours according to a small study. (3) The sudden decrease of HRV may signal the weakening or collapse…
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COVID-19: The lack of proinsulin C-peptide may be the main cause of the significantly higher mortality rate of patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus compared to Type 2 diabetes
According to the largest study to this date, people with Type 1 diabetes had 3,5 times the odds of dying in hospital with Covid-19 compared to those without diabetes. The odds for Type 2 diabetes of dying in hospital with COVID-19 is much smaller. It is 2,03 compared to those without diabetes. The difference is…
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COVID-19: O-GlcNAc and AMPKα as targets of proinsulin c peptide for preventing cytokine storm
Dysregulated O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) signaling can promote cytokine storm induced by a viral infection. Higher levels of blood glucose correlate with higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines. It can impair the host defense mechanism of the immune cells. (1) (2) Proinsulin c-peptide regulates and balances O-GlcNAc signaling that may be also increased by high glucose level. In…
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COVID-19: Methods of vagus nerve stimulation that may improve the host defense system against viral attacks
A case study on COVID-19 related respiratory symptoms suggests that electrical non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation might provide clinical benefits in patients with COVID-19. It may ease chest tightness and shortness of breath. (1) It is a remarkable fact that the risk groups of the COVID-19 patients with poor outcome have a relatively low vagal tone…
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May it be that central/ intranasal proinsulin C-peptide has a favorable effect by its HRV increasing ability on most of the clinical markers of the poor outcome of COVID-19? (Il-6, D-dimer, Lymphocytes)
IL-6: Heart rate variability (HRV) is in inverse relationship with IL-6: Relationship between Heart Rate Variability, Interleukin-6, and Soluble Tissue Factor in Healthy Subjects: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8/ D-dimer: D-dimer is in inverse relationship with endothelial progenitor cells and edothelial progenitor cells are positively associated with HRV or parasympathetic tone at least in patients with hypertension. : Lower…
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The endothelial disease that can be managed by increasing heart rate variability and the number and functions of endothelial progenitor cells
The virus injures the endothelial lining of the cardiovascular system and the pulmonary alveolar epithelial system because the ACE2 receptors are abundant on them and ACE2 is one of the most important receptors for COVID-19 (1)(2)(3) Naturally, the major risk groups have cardiovascular disease, diabetes, old age, hypertension, atherosclerosis, cancer. (4) Elevated d-dimer predicts mortality…
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Pulmonary diffusion/ gas exchange problems are dependent also on autonomic nerve functions
The pulmonary diffusion capacity is also reduced in diabetics that is dependent on impaired autonomic functions that can be measured by heart rate variability (HRV) (1) In clinical trials, proinsulin C-peptide increased significantly HRV in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. (2) It is an interesting fact that COVID-19 is dangerous only to the groups e.g. elderly…
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Methods to avoid the severe outcome of COVID-19: the role of the injured central nervous system (CNS) in lymphopenia and oxygen deficiency
It is an emerging concern that the virus may damage the CNS, the brainstem, particularly the part of it regulating cardiopulmonary functions. The medulla oblongata may be infected also but not exclusively by the neural pathways connecting the lung and the CNS leading to breathing difficulties and oxygen deficiency. (1) Lung inflammation may increase inflammatory…
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Central proinsulin C-peptide may improve immune cell imbalances in severely affected patients
Heart rate variability (HRV) is in inverse association with inflammatory markers, which is, for this reason, an indicator of the anti-inflammatory reactivity of the immune system. (1) In the most severe COVID-19 cases with poor outcome an increased neutrophil and a decreased lymphocyte and monocyte number was measured. (2)(3) It is a striking peculiarity that…
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Obesity and mortality risk
Overweight and obese people have a higher probability of a more severe disease course and of pulmonary complications than individuals with normal weight. (1)One of the most important reasons of this fact may be the weakened parasympathetic functions and the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway marked by decreased heart rate variability (HRV). (2) Moreover, overweight people have…