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Cofilin as the master regulator of the key covid inflammatory trigger NLRP3 and microglia activity as well as of the Shank3 protein effects: possible therapeutic implications for the brain and the body affected by Covid-19 infection
The NLRP3 inflammasome was identified as one of the most important inflammatory and apoptosis triggers in covid patients. i Its role in the inflammatory brain pathology caused by covid19 is also established. For example, the spike protein can increase the production of NRLP3 protein in microglia. ii The importance of this fact is highlighted by…
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The spike proteins of Covid-19 have a strong neurotoxic effect with severe consequences
The following is what Brazilian researchers came up with when studying tadpoles. On the one hand, the protein fragments that make up the spike proteins increased oxidative stress, and on the other hand, they increased the activity of the so-called acetylcholinesterase, thereby excessively degrading acetylcholine from the nervous system and other cells. (1) The latter…
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Possible impact of intranasal proinsulin c-peptide on the course of COVID-19 infection: the role of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway measured by Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and the importance of microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain
The increase of the inflammatory markers CRP and Il-6 predict the unfavorable course of the covid-19 infection. (1) (2) The decrease of HRV by more than 40% precedes a 50% increase in CRP during the next 72 hours according to a small study. (3) The sudden decrease of HRV may signal the weakening or collapse…
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Autism and the potential role of proinsulin c peptide in brain development: possibilities for intervention
Proinsulin c peptide is produced in placental tissue even in mothers with diabetes type 1 (T1D). This may mask the lack of c peptide production for the fetus in the body of the mothers. [i] Although the brain is also producing insulin and c peptide independently of the pancreas, the lack of c-peptide secreted by…
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COVID-19: Restoring endogenous nitric oxide (NO) related homeostasis may be an effective and natural way to decrease replication of COVID-19
NO seems to inhibit the replication cycle of severe acute respiratory coronavirus. [i] It is expected that this can be exploited in some way for COVID-19 also.[ii] It is important to note that among the various biological effects of proinsulin c peptide the activation of NO production is especially well researched. C-peptide increases nitric oxide…
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COVID-19: Potential risks of aluminum adjuvant of vaccines for the central nervous system and the possible beneficial effect of central proinsulin c peptide
According to recent epidemiologic data, BCG vaccination may provide some protection against COVID-19 infection and may reduce the severity of it. (1) However, it is alarming that achieving high levels of neutralizing antibodies to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is proposed to be achieved by aluminum adjuvant formulations of traditional vaccine formulations. (2) It is…
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COVID-19: The lack of proinsulin C-peptide may be the main cause of the significantly higher mortality rate of patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus compared to Type 2 diabetes
According to the largest study to this date, people with Type 1 diabetes had 3,5 times the odds of dying in hospital with Covid-19 compared to those without diabetes. The odds for Type 2 diabetes of dying in hospital with COVID-19 is much smaller. It is 2,03 compared to those without diabetes. The difference is…
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COVID-19: O-GlcNAc and AMPKα as targets of proinsulin c peptide for preventing cytokine storm
Dysregulated O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) signaling can promote cytokine storm induced by a viral infection. Higher levels of blood glucose correlate with higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines. It can impair the host defense mechanism of the immune cells. (1) (2) Proinsulin c-peptide regulates and balances O-GlcNAc signaling that may be also increased by high glucose level. In…
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COVID-19: Methods of vagus nerve stimulation that may improve the host defense system against viral attacks
A case study on COVID-19 related respiratory symptoms suggests that electrical non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation might provide clinical benefits in patients with COVID-19. It may ease chest tightness and shortness of breath. (1) It is a remarkable fact that the risk groups of the COVID-19 patients with poor outcome have a relatively low vagal tone…
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May it be that central/ intranasal proinsulin C-peptide has a favorable effect by its HRV increasing ability on most of the clinical markers of the poor outcome of COVID-19? (Il-6, D-dimer, Lymphocytes)
IL-6: Heart rate variability (HRV) is in inverse relationship with IL-6: Relationship between Heart Rate Variability, Interleukin-6, and Soluble Tissue Factor in Healthy Subjects: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8/ D-dimer: D-dimer is in inverse relationship with endothelial progenitor cells and edothelial progenitor cells are positively associated with HRV or parasympathetic tone at least in patients with hypertension. : Lower…